{"id":47926,"date":"2018-04-06T10:13:04","date_gmt":"2018-04-06T10:13:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.massarate.ma\/?p=47926"},"modified":"2018-04-13T10:40:13","modified_gmt":"2018-04-13T10:40:13","slug":"2-%d9%85%d8%af%d8%ae%d9%84-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a8%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.massarate.ma\/2-%d9%85%d8%af%d8%ae%d9%84-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a8%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 – \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 -2"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/h2>\n
– \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 –<\/span><\/h2>\n
– 2 –<\/span><\/h2>\n
$\"\"$ <\/h2>\n
\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/h2>\n
\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a” \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645”\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 “\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645” prescientific[1]<\/a> \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 “\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 [2]<\/a> \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n
1.\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u061b \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n
\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 [4]<\/a>: “\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0641\u064a\u061b \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a)”.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a “Paradigme”. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n
\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 [5]<\/a> \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 [6]<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 [7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 [8]<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a [9]<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 [10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a Exploratory Type \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a Normative Type\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627 [11]<\/a>: “\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0648\u063a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647…”<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645 [12]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0639\u0628\u0647\u061b \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 [13]<\/a> \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 [14]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 [15]<\/a> \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0636\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u062e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u063a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n
2.\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0648\u064a\u0629[16]<\/a>\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0628\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062ai \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0646 [17]<\/a>. \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a [18]<\/a> \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629). \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 – \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 – \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627 (…) \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 – \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a”.[19]<\/a><\/p>\n
\u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (integral Futures)\u060c \u062a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 “\u0633\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631” \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a (critical Futures Studies)\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629”. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629…\u0627\u0644\u062e)\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627”[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0630\u0644\u0643 [21].<\/p>\n
\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 [22]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 [23]<\/a> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d “\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629” \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u061f \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0641 (Douglas Rushkoff) \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633 (J. Voros) \u0648\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f (Peter Hayward) \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 (Jos\u00e9 Ramos) [24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n
\u0648”\u064a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a”[25]<\/a> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 [26]<\/a> \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n
\u062f. \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n
\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/span><\/p>\n
[1] \u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631:<\/p>\n
\n
Zianddin Sardar\u00a0: The name sake\u00a0: Future\u00a0; Futures Studies\u00a0; Futurology\u00a0; Futuristic\u00a0; Foresight-What\u2019s in a name\u00a0? op.cit p178.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[2] Z. Sardar, Development and the location of Eurocentrism, in R, Munck, D. O\u2019hearn (Eds), Cristal Development theory\u00a0: Contributions to a new Paradigm. (Zad Books, London 1999).<\/p>\n
\n
Z, Sardar, colonising the future\u00a0: the other dimension of Futures Studies, Futures. 25 (April (3)) (1993).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[3] \u00a0Wendell. B\u00a0: Fondations of Future Op.cit.<\/p>\n
[4] \u00a0\u0633\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0646\u062b\u064a\u0627 (\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631): \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0649 2009) \u0635: 494.<\/p>\n
[5] \u00a0Belle, D\u00a0: vers la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 postindustrielle. (PUF 1976).<\/p>\n
[6] \u00a0Robert, A, Nibet, History of the idea of Progress (New York\u00a0: Basic Books, 1980).<\/p>\n
[7] \u00a0\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n
\n
Barbara Adam and Chris Groves\u00a0: Future Matters\u00a0: Action, Knowledge, Ethics. (Brill, Leiden\u00a0Bonton 2007). P 1-2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647:<\/p>\n
\n
B (de). L\u2019art de conjoncture op.cit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[8] \u00a0Hammel G, PRAHALAD G. K la conqu\u00eates de future (Inter\u00e9ditions, 1995)<\/p>\n
[9] \u00a0Zardar\u00a0: colonising the Future op.cit.<\/p>\n
\n
BOWDER, B\u00a0: “Futures Research and the Thirol<\/li>\n
World”. Futuristics, vol 4, N\u00b0, 1980. Pp. 39 – 53.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[10] \u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631: \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061f \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n
[11] \u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642: \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 8\u060c 2008) \u0635: 79.<\/p>\n
[12] \u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635: 107 – 108.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644:<\/p>\n
\n
“\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b.<\/li>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u061b \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a) \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/li>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641. (\u0635: 108).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[13] \u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/p>\n
\n
Stiglitz, Joseph E. The Price of inequality\u00a0: How Today\u2019s Divided Society Endangers our future. (New York\u00a0: Norton, 2012).<\/li>\n
Ernest Partridge, ed, Responsabilities to Future generations. (Promethens Books, 1980).<\/li>\n
Wendell Bell, “why Should we care about future generation\u00a0?” in Howard Distbury, ed, The years ahead\u00a0: Perils, problems, and promises. (Bethesda, Maryland\u00a0: World Future Society, 1993).<\/li>\n
Andrew Dobson, ed, Fairness and Futurity. (oxford University Press).<\/li>\n
Axel Gosseries, “on Future Generations, Future Right\u2019s”. Journal for Political Philosophy, 2008).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[14] \u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n
\n
Virgine Raisson\u00a0: 2033 Atlas des Futurs Du monde. (Robert LaFFont, Paris, 2010).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[15] \u00a0Bell, D. The Third Technological revolution and its possible Socio-economic consequences. (Dissent, 1989).<\/p>\n
[16] \u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n
\n
\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c 1994).<\/li>\n
\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0631\u064a\u062a: \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628\u064a. (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c 1994).<\/li>\n
\u062f\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u064a: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c 2005).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[17] \u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629..<\/p>\n
\n
J. “Incidance du postmodernisme sur l\u2019avenir des sciences sociales”. Diog\u00e9ne. N\u00b0 143. 1988.<\/li>\n
Foster, Hal, ed, The anti-aesthetic\u00a0: Essay on postmodern Culture (London and New york\u00a0: routledge, 1994).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u00a0[18] \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n
\n
\n
\n
Sohail Inayatullah\u00a0: Futures Studies\u00a0: Theories and Methods. In wfsf.org<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[19] \u00a0\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635: 509 – 510.<\/p>\n
[20] \u00a0\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0635: 488 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
Richard Slaughter, “Changing Methods and Approaches in Futures studies”. In Richard Slaughter, Futures beyond Dystopia\u00a0: creating social Foresight, Futures and Education Series. (London. New York\u00a0: Routledge Falmer 2004).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[21] \u00a0\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0635: 488.<\/p>\n
[22] \u00a0Inayatullah, Sohail. “Deconstructing and reconstructing the Future” Futures 22 (2) 1990\u00a0: 115 – 141.<\/p>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
Inayatullah, S, “Causal Layered Analysis\u00a0: Poststructuralism as method” Futures 30 (8)\u00a0: 815 – 830.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[23] \u00a0Sohail Inayatullah\u00a0: Futures Studies. Theories and Methods. op.cit. p 44.<\/p>\n
[24] \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0633\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635: 498 – 507.<\/p>\n
[25] \u00a0\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635: 508.<\/p>\n
[26] \u00a0Sohail Inayatullah\u00a0: Futures Studies op.cit. p 42 . 44<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 – \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 – – 2 – \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a” \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645”\u060c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":257,"featured_media":25711,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[467],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.massarate.ma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47926"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.massarate.ma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.massarate.ma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.massarate.ma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/257"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.massarate.ma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47926"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.massarate.ma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47926\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.massarate.ma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25711"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.massarate.ma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47926"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.massarate.ma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=47926"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.massarate.ma\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=47926"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}