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\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n 3.4. \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0633\u0646\u0629 1956 \u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629” [30]<\/a> \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633<\/a> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 ( (MIT \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1969 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645[31]<\/a> shaky \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0647 [32]<\/a> \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648.<\/p>\n 4.4. \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u063a\u062f\u063a \u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0643\u0648 “\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0637\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a)” [33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0634\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629” [34]<\/a> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0646 (1959) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a) [35]<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 “\u062c\u064a\u0631\u062f \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0648 “\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0647\u0631” \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u062d [36]<\/a>(Scanning Tuneling Microscope) \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1986\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628 “\u0625\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0644\u064a” \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646[37]<\/a> Engines of creation \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1991 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629[38]<\/a> Carbon Nano Tube\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a: [39] <\/a><\/p>\n \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0627 <\/span><\/h2>\n
\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/span><\/h2>\n
1- \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 [7] <\/a><\/span><\/h2>\n
2- \u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n
3- \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 [18]<\/a><\/span> \/ \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/h2>\n
4- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \/ \u062c\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627<\/h2>\n
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